Written in shorthand. Suggesting it was written in haste, which adds tension and amplifies the gravity of the situation.
Diary but meant for a public audience. He uses a lot of descriptors such as adjectives and adverbs.
"Which, among other people, did trouble me for poor little Michell and our Sarah on the bridge." He is worried about his friends and acquaintances.
"My heart full of trouble." Figurative imagery to emphasize his empathetic sentiments.
"Lamentable fire." The fire has wrought sadness and misery in the city.
"Poor people staying in their houses." People taking shelter.
"Poor pigeons." Pepys is empathetic towards animals as well.
"Made me weep to see it." He is genuinely upset.
"Lamentable fire." Can be interpreted in two ways. Either the fire is sad, which would mean Pepys is attributing human emotions to it, or the fire is causing sadness.
"Seen the fire rage every way." Can be interpreted in two ways. Either the fire is spreading rapidly, or the fire is angry.
"Leave all to the fire." Almost like a religious or divine sacrifice.
"So I rose." First person, from his perspective. Makes it more personal and emotional.
"I perceive." Same deal as above.
Uses Juvenalian satire to mock and satirize Ireland’s economical situation. -> Can shock his audience without having to be criticized as he can defend himself by claiming it’s entirely satirical.
"I think it is agreed by all parties." Overestimating his persuasiveness.
"A very great additional grievance." The economic situation is bad, but it’s not that bad to eat children.
"Murdering their bastard children." He basically criticizes abortion while stating that we should eat children. So it’s a use of both hyperbole (calling abortion murder) and irony.
"Will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter." Hyperbole to shock the reader.
"As to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation." Whoever can find a way to make children useful in the nation deserves a statue. So he’s basically saying they should build a statue for himself because he has found the solution.
"I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection." Somehow I doubt that.
"There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand children." He uses statistical information and calculates the advantages his proposition would entail. He is also able to display his research.
"Assured by our merchants." He uses collective pronouns, which are an example of inclusive language, to make it appear as though people are on his side.
The audience is the American people and government, and the entire speech is trying to persuade them to stop taking over his people’s lands and killing Native Americans.
"Dead." He repeats the adjective "dead" to provoke a reaction and have his audience sympathize with him and actually do something to assist rather than make false promises.
"The little children are freezing to death." Using emotive language to manipulate his audience. The verb "are freezing" is in the present form to show that it can be prevented from happening. It also intensifies the gravity of the situation.
"My heart is sick and sad." Further use of emotive language.
Stream of consciousness, which makes it more personal and allows the reader to experience the story through the narrator’s point of view.
Factual and scientific. Despite the emotive language, the diary’s entries contain factual information meant for scientists or an audience that understands some light use of jargon.
"Tragedy all along the line." Suggesting he’s going through an ordeal.
"We knew the end had come." Lost hope.
"We knew that poor Oates was walking to his death." His friend died, he feels sad about it.
"Pricking sharply as a sand blast." Displaying the immense power of the blizzard and its unforgiving nature.
"The drift snow like finest flour." He strangely admires the snow, yet perceives it as the threat it is.
"Nature’s protest." Calling the blizzard "nature’s protest" makes it appear as though he’s understanding of nature, and feels as though he might be trespassing by going to the South Pole, and nature is fighting back through the blizzard. This also acts as a form of personification since nature can’t consciously protest.
The letters written by Edward are a form of escapism where he doesn’t use too much emotive language towards his wife, whereas the ones written by Helen are meant to reassure him and encourage him, and thus are full of emotion.
A lot of emotive language is used since the letters focus on the love between the two individuals and how this love is able to surmount his feeling of despair since he’s at war.
The last part is her writing a letter even though he’s dead. Writing letters is like a form of therapy for her. She is very grateful for his sacrifice.
"My darling my own soul." Displays her immense love for him.
"All that matters is that we love each other." She can overcome the hardships in life as long as she’s with him.
"Give daddy 100 loves." His child misses him and cares about him.
"I am so unstable." He is very self aware and understanding.
"Yet I think I shall not go far wrong with your dear hand in mine." She’s like his anchor, the one stable element in his life.
"The pretty village among trees." Although he’s at war, he is able to recall the beauty in the world.
"Is now just ruins." The beauty, however, has been ruined and corrupted by war.
"The sun shone and larks and partridge and magpies and hedge-sparrows made love." Regardless, he’s optimistic.
Aimed at women and is trying to convince them to follow a set of rules that dictate how they should behave in conversations.
"Should." A modal verb that suggests the things she’s stating are rules that must be followed.
"Nearly all the faults or mistakes in conversation are caused by not thinking." Manipulation to suggest that her rules are the right way to do things and that people who don’t follow the rules are incapable of thinking before they speak.
A speech that aims to convince people that his abdication and choices are his and his alone. He also wants to make it clear that he will continue to serve Britain as best he can and goes on to declare his allegiance to the new King, his brother.
"This I do with all my heart." He clearly wants to show emotion throughout his speech, as that is the reason why he’s discharging his duties as a King since his marriage to an American divorcee is the cause of all this.
"You must believe me when I tell you." Addressing the audience directly in order to build up trust and make his stance clear.
"I lay down my burden." By defining his being King as a burden, he is able to show people that he perhaps didn’t like being a King all that much regardless of his marriage. This persuades people by provoking empathy.
Obituary that goes to both extremes in terms of being positive and negative about Marylin Monroe. This is perhaps done so that Alistair Cooke is able to present both his most negative and positive opinions without seeming biased as the two polar extremes create a form of balance.
"Cursed by physical beauty." Sarcasm to undermine Marilyn Monroe’s personal issues.
"To go into the details now would be as tasteless as prying into the clinical file of any other pretty woman whose beauty has crumbled overnight." Ironic because he’s sort of going into details. So he’s calling himself tasteless in a way.
"William Empson’s Freudian analysis of Alice In Wonderland." Referencing a famous literary critic. Clearly this is intended for an educated audience considering his complex lexicon and informed references.
"Pathologically shy" and "humorous." Oxymoron to show both spectrums of Marylin Monroe’s personality and to emphasize her complexity.
An autobiography in graphic format written to go through Satrapi's childhood in Iran. The audience is clearly the Western world as it's in English rather than Farsi.
"Look at me in this picture, with the scarf on my head." Displaying how normal families in Iran can be, and that the average family isn't that different.
"It's so hard for kids in Iran. The poor things." Emotive language to show that some families don't want their kids to be raised in Iran.
"We could fold them and hide them in the lining of the suitcase." Shows that families literally have to hide arguably harmless things in order to sneak them past customs just to avoid legal trouble.
Diary entries that draw parallelism between Alan Bennett's play "The Lady in the Van" and what he saw on January 5th.
"The driver is a stocky, heavy shouldered, neatly coiffed woman of around sixty." He starts the sentence with adjectives like "stocky" and "heavy shouldered" which are commonly used to describe males but then uses a form of reversal and attributes these descriptors to a woman.
"A woman doing a man's job." This quote acts as a form of social commentary as Bennett is able to point out the change society has gone through as women have more jobs and opportunities. This is also a reference to how traditional values are transforming and changing, and how a lot of people aren't used to these changes, hence why "one or two passers-by look twice."
A monologue that's spoken, digital, and informal in its use of language. It's intended for an audience interested in cooking or perhaps Jamie Oliver himself and the aim of the monologue is to essentially provide a look into Jamie's life and his opinion regarding the position he's in.
"It's - it's a bit mad really." The hyphen indicates a repair in conversation. The quantitative adjective "bit" in this case is a hedge as it lessens the impact of how "mad" it is, in an effort to perhaps make himself appear a little more humble.
"Basically," "Right?" Both of these words are repeated to make the monologue seem spontaneous rather than planned. This makes it more conversational and relatable.
"- er - " Non-fluency which further makes this appear informal and spontaneous rather than a planned speech that he has been rehearsing.
An interview where Jeremy Paxman is trying to get Dizzee Rascal and Valerie Amos' opinions regarding the presidential election and politics in general.
"I don't think he could have won it without hip-hop." This phrase breaks pretty much all of Grice's Maxims. The maxim of quality because it's an unsupported claim without much evidence, quantity because he's saying more than required for the conversation, manner because it's rather ambiguous and vague rather than clear and concise, and it also lightly breaks the maxim of relevance because despite relating hip-hop to politics, the subject of hip-hop as a whole is irrelevant in this context.
"Yeah, man. Why not, man?" A very informal and conversational way of speaking. It's a form of convergence as he's trying to fit in and agree with Paxman. The repetition of the address term "man" also serves to transform the rather serious nature of political discussions into something more friendly and amicable.
"Jeremy I think that's true. I think there is..." This phrase adheres to the politeness principle by not imposing, and also by making the receiver feel validated and good by starting the sentence with "I think that's true" before giving one's own opinion.
Use of Horatian satire in order to create a parody of Obama's presidential speech by writing in the same style but applying it to a different context, in this case him getting an ice-cream. The purpose of Horatian satire is not to anger or shock the reader, but to simply get a smile or make them laugh through either absurdities or satirical elements.
"The trust my wife and my daughters have bestowed upon me." Clearly exaggerating through hyperbole. He's there to buy ice-cream, which doesn't require one to be trusted.
"Once an ice-cream is eaten, it is eaten." An example of anaphora to dramatize the situation despite how ridiculous it is.
"It avails us nothing to pretend that is any other way." This phrase is said after having established that once the ice-cream has been swallowed, it cannot reappear on the stick. This could be done to make a sublte hint at the loss of life, and how nothing can return from death. It's an absurd and childish way to present realism in an otherwise funny and satirical situation.
A children's TV program that's attempting to make a serious event more entertaining and suitable for children. The audience is mainly kids and the language used is conversational, informal and humorous.
"Hello and welcome." An example of phatic talk to welcome the audience.
"Hamsters and lions, except no hamsters." A use of retraction in conversation. In this case, its purpose is humor. Children normally find animals such as hamsters cute, but hamsters weren't hunted by "Heidi." Instead, he uses the noun "hamsters" to garner the attention of children by naming something they like and find interesting or cute.
"Megabears." A form of neology to create humor. "Megabears" aren't an actual animal or species and as such, the noun was created for this specific program in order to make light of an otherwise scientific specimen.
A leaflet to increase awareness of and raise funds for Childline.
"Hello... Can you help me?" A rhetorical question to make the audience question whether or not they're doing enough to help children who need it.
"I'm Molly, and I am 10 years old." While it might be true that Molly is giving her opinion, it is very clear that this is either a Childline employee writing it as a marketing strategy or that it's a very loose paraphrasing of Molly's original thoughts. This is done to elicit sympathy and persuade the audience to donate.
"I was lonely and scared." Emotive language for sympathy and consequently, persuasion.
"That makes me more confident whenever I get nervous." Childline is displaying their positive influence on children to prove that their presence is actually useful and supporting them wouldn't be a waste of time and/or money.
A dialogue between Russell Brand and a committee about how drug addiction should be treated. Brand's main point is that addicts should be treated with compassion and that addiction should be seen as an illness rather than criminal behavior that should be punished.
"I don't feel entirely qualified to talk about legislation," "As I said, I don't think legalisation is something that I am particularly qualified to get into." By repeating himself, he is able to establish the fact that his part of the dialogue is more anecdotal rather than a legally centered argument regarding drugs. As such, he is able to adhere to Grice's Maxims of quality and manner by being truthful and unambiguous, only giving his thoughts on subjects he is qualified to discuss.
"It is more important that we regard people suffering from addiction with compassion." Using the collective pronoun "we" to encourage the entire audience to join in and support his cause.
"I was sad, lonely, unhappy and detached." He isn't afraid of admiting his faults. This helps garner sympathy and empathy. It also makes him relatable.
"Was that brief enough?" A sarcastic remark to perhaps point out how these discussions cannot be brief due to their nature. They require analysis and examination.
"It was rough, yes." Another comedic remark that acts as comic relief in an otherwise serious situation. In terms of persuasion, it shows people his lighthearted and humorous personality, which is easier to relate with rather than a monotonous and serious attitude.
A monological speech in which Julia Gillard's main objective is to speak against Tony Abbott's motion to remove Peter Slipper as Speaker. Throughout the speech, she exposes him for being a misogynist and expresses her opinion regarding his behavior and states multiple times that she's offended. Going so far as to be offended "on behalf" of the women of Australia as if she has the right to speak, think and act on their behalf in the first place.
"I will not be lecutred about sexism and misogyny by this man. I will not." The repetition of "I will not" serves to clearly demonstrate her stance on the issue and also makes her appear confident and persistant.
"If he wants to know what misogyny looks like in modern Australia..." "he needs a mirror." An example of verbal comedy in the form of satire to ridicule the Leader of the Opposition. Using the adjective "modern" suggests that Abbott is close-minded and bases his beliefs on the outdated ideals of the past.
"This is the man from whom we're supposed to take lectures about sexism." By using inclusive language and the collective pronoun "we," Gillard is able to automatically position herself with the rest of the people (especially women) and at the same time place Abbott on the opposite side. This is a form of manipulation through language and a commonly used technique for persuasion. Using the verb "supposed" also makes it seem like an obligation.
"I was very personally offended..." "I was also very offended..." "I was offended too..." "I was offended..." The repetition of the statement regarding her being offended by Abbott's actions and words allows her to not only emphasize the main point on her speech, but also continuously point out the Leader of the Opposition's unacceptable behavior. However, it also serves to highlight the fact that all of this is just her opinion, but this contradicts with the phrase "I was also very offended on behalf of the women of Australia" which does the opposite.
A lecture to "advance public understanding and debate about significant issues of contemporary interest." Grayson Perry is there to describe "the sometimes painful process of becoming an artist" and to explore "the nature of artistic identity."
"What is this, what is this movement?" By asking this rhetorical question which, to Sue Lawley is quite obvious, she can get Grayson to perhaps explain his use of paralinguistic features and his appearance. This is done because the lecture is on the radio, so people can't actually see him performing any actions. He doesn't actually describe his outfit though, so she later states that he's a "kind of clown" or a "Pierrot." The latter being a reference that requires the audience to be familiar with Italian Pantomime, perhaps hinting that the audience is rather mature and educationally informed. She even goes on to say that he "should describe it."
"Like Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz." Using a simile in this case not only allows him to identify with a character from pop culture but it also lets the audience imagine the art world as a sort of magical world, and thus a more interesting and intriguing world.
"How do we become a contemporary artist?" Another rhetorical question. In this case, he asks it to encourage the audience to reflect upon the meaning of being an artist and to explore the world of art with him, which allows him to stick to the objective of the lecture, which is to "explore the nature of artistic identity."
"I mean." Throughout his lecture, Grayson Perry repeats the filler phrase "I mean" to clarify his opinion. This results in him being able to adhere to Grice's Maxim of manner by being unambiguous, which allows the audience to better understand him and also lets him explore art and his interests in greater detail.
A Twitter conversation regarding the first BBC primetime show to be hosted by two women.
"Looks at watch. Notes it's 2014. Sighs." The indication to such a sarcastic paralinguistic feature is used in order to provide a social commentary that ridicules and mocks the traditional ideals that society has held onto for such a long time. A watch wouldn't normally include the current year, so it is clear that she is being entirely sarcastic and simply stating that women should have been able to host their own primetime show long ago.
"You have a year watch? I want one of those." Simply a sarcastic reply to Caitlin Moran's originally sarcastic statement.
"But eventually their menstrual cycles will align & they'll get their dabs at the same time." An example of black/dark comedy which acts as comic relief in this situation. Sanjeev Kohli is actually a comedian, so it's clear that his intention is not to be sexist, but simply sardonic.
"How many shows are hosted by two men?" A rhetorical question that serves as a counter argument to Moran's Tweet. James Goffin is pointing out that having two women would actually be counter intuitive because a man and a woman would result in the show being "gender balanced."
A commentary by Ed Leigh and Tim Warwood on the Sochi Winter Olympics.
"Huge backside air. it of a sketch there. Front side 1080." "Double McTwist." "Backside rodeo." Seeing as how this is a commentary of sports, some use of jargon is expected. This allows the commentators to convey the events that are occurring accurately to an audience that is aware of the terminology.
"Oh how did he land that?" "That's against the laws of physics." These two phrases are not only an example of a rhetorical question and hyperbole, but they are also adjacency pairs. The question is a rhetorical one because Warwood isn't actually expecting an honest answer to that question. Shaun White landing a "backside rodeo" is either dependant on his skill or luck, therefore not warranting an answer to Warwood's question. The phrase "that's against the laws of physics" is clearly a use of hyperbole for the purpose of comedy. And they are adjacency pairs because Warwood asks a question which Leigh immediately answers or adds onto.
"He had no business." The repetition of the phrase "he had no business" emphasizes Shaun White's skill and ability. This is done to excite the audience and keep them alert for any future demonstrations of great talent.
"I don't think that was clear." "I think that was..." By using the verb "think," the commentators are able to make the commentary seem entirely spontaneous. While this is partially true, as they cannot possibly foresee which snowboarder is performing better, it is also manipulation because the commentators already have a form of framework where they say phrases like "he had no business landing that" or "now the replay." These phrases are very common in commentary, which proves that the commentators have a number of phrases ready to go at all times, but they simply "fill in the gaps" of their predetermined framework with the live outcome of the event. This is done to amplify the intensity of the event and make the audience feel more entertained and excited.